超声清洗系统重要的部分是换能器。现存两种换能器，一种是磁力换能器，由镍或镍合金制成；一种压电换能器，由锆钛酸铅或其他陶瓷制成。 将压电材料放入电压变化的电场中时，它会发生变形，这就是所谓的压电效应。相对来说，磁力换能器是用会在变化的磁场中发生变形的材料制成的。

An important part of the ultrasonic cleaning system is the transducer. There are two existing types of transducers, one is a magnetic transducer made of nickel or nickel alloy; A piezoelectric transducer made of lead zirconate titanate or other ceramics. When a piezoelectric material is placed in an electric field with varying voltage, it undergoes deformation, which is known as the piezoelectric effect. Relatively speaking, magnetic transducers are made of materials that undergo deformation in changing magnetic fields.

无论使用何种换能器，通常的因素为其产生的空化效应的强度。超声波和其它声波一样，是一系列的压力点，即一种压缩和膨胀交替的波（如下图示）。如果声能足够强，液体在波的膨胀阶段被推开，由此产生气泡；而在波的压缩阶段，这些气泡就在液体中瞬间爆裂或内爆，产生一种非常有效的冲击力，特别适用於清洗。这个过程被称做空化作用。

Regardless of the type of transducer used, the usual factor is the intensity of the cavitation effect it produces. Ultrasound, like other sound waves, is a series of pressure points, namely a wave that alternates between compression and expansion (as shown in the figure below). If the sound energy is strong enough, the liquid is pushed away during the expansion stage of the wave, resulting in bubbles; During the compression stage of the wave, these bubbles instantly burst or implode in the liquid, generating a very effective impact force, especially suitable for cleaning. This process is called cavitation.

从理论上分析，爆裂的空化泡会产生超过10,000 psi的压力和20,000 °F (11,000 °C) 的高温，并在其爆裂的瞬间冲击波会迅速向外辐射。单个空化泡所释放的能量很小，但每秒钟内有几百万的空化泡同时爆裂，累计起来的效果将是非常强烈的，产生的强大的冲击力将工件表面的污物剥落，这就是所有超声清洗的特点。

Theoretically, a burst cavitation bubble will generate a pressure of over 10000 psi and 20000° The high temperature of F (11000° C) and the shock wave rapidly radiates outward at the moment of its explosion. The energy released by a single cavitation bubble is very small, but millions of cavitation bubbles burst simultaneously every second, and the cumulative effect will be very strong. The strong impact force generated will peel off the dirt on the surface of the workpiece, which is the characteristic of all ultrasonic cleaning.

如果超声能量足够大，空化现象会在清洗液各处产生，所以超声波能够有效清洗微小的裂缝和孔。空化作用也促进了化学反应并加速了表面膜的溶解。

If the ultrasonic energy is large enough, cavitation phenomenon will occur everywhere in the cleaning solution, so ultrasonic can effectively clean small cracks and holes. Cavitation also promotes the chemical reaction and accelerates the dissolution of the surface facial mask.

然而只有在某区域的液体压力低於该气泡内气体压力时才会在该区域产生空化现象，故由换能器产生的超声波振幅足够大时才能满足这一条件。产生空化所需的小功率被称做空化临界点。不同的液体存在不同的空化临界点，故超声波能量必须超过该临界点才能达到清洗效果。也就是说，只有能量超过临界点才能产生空化泡，以便进行超声清洗。

However, cavitation only occurs in a certain area when the liquid pressure is lower than the gas pressure inside the bubble. Therefore, this condition can only be met when the ultrasonic amplitude generated by the transducer is sufficiently large. The small power required to generate cavitation is called the cavitation critical point. Different liquids have different cavitation critical points, so ultrasonic energy must exceed this critical point to achieve cleaning effect. That is to say, only when the energy exceeds the critical point can cavitation bubbles be generated for ultrasonic cleaning.

频率的重要性

The importance of frequency

当工作频率很低（在人的听觉范围内）就会产生噪音。当频率低於20kHz时，工作噪音不仅变得很大，而且可能超出职业安全与保健法或其他条例所规定的安全噪音的限度。在需要高功率去除污垢而不用考虑工件表面损伤的应用中，通常选择从20kHz到30kHz范围内的较低清洗频率。该频率范围内的清洗频率常常被用於清洗大型、重型零件或高密度材料的工件。20KHz的磁力换能器和25KHz的压电换能器。

When the working frequency is very low (within the human auditory range), noise will be generated. When the frequency is below 20kHz, the working noise not only becomes very loud, but may also exceed the safety noise limit specified by the Occupational Safety and Health Law or other regulations. In applications that require high-power removal of dirt without considering surface damage to the workpiece, a lower cleaning frequency in the range of 20kHz to 30kHz is usually chosen. The cleaning frequency within this frequency range is often used to clean large, heavy parts or workpieces made of high-density materials. 20KHz magnetic transducer and 25KHz piezoelectric transducer.

高频通常被用於清洗较小、较精密的零件，或清除微小颗粒。高频还被用於被工件表面不允许损伤的应用。使用高频可从几个方面改善清洗性能。随着频率的增加，空化泡的数量呈线形增加，从而产生更多更密集的冲击波使其能进入到更小的缝隙中。如果功率保持不变，空化泡变小，其释放的能量相应减少，这样有效地减小了对工件表面的损伤。高频的另一个优势在於减小了粘滞边界层（泊努里效应），使得超声波能够发现极细小的微粒。这种情况近似於小溪中水位降低时可以看清溪底的小石子。

High frequency is usually used to clean smaller and more precise parts, or to remove small particles. High frequency is also used in applications where damage to the surface of the workpiece is not allowed. The use of high-frequency can improve cleaning performance in several ways. As the frequency increases, the number of cavitation bubbles increases linearly, resulting in more and more dense shock waves that can enter smaller gaps. If the power remains constant, the cavitation bubbles become smaller, and the energy released correspondingly decreases, effectively reducing the damage to the surface of the workpiece. Another advantage of high-frequency is that it reduces the viscous boundary layer (Poincare effect), allowing ultrasound to detect extremely small particles. This situation is similar to when the water level in a small stream drops, you can see the small stones at the bottom of the stream.

80kHz、120kHz和170kHz。清洗极微小的颗粒时，可选用频率为350kHz的产品。近来推出了用於此类场合的MicroCoustics系统，其频率为400kHz。

80kHz, 120kHz, and 170kHz. When cleaning extremely small particles, a product with a frequency of 350kHz can be selected. Recently, a MicroStatistics system has been launched for such occasions, with a frequency of 400kHz.

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